[-1-]
THE
NIGHT SIDE OF LONDON.
INTRODUCTION.
IT is said of a stranger who came to London for the first
time, and took up his quarters in one of the most crowded city streets, that he
remained standing at the door the whole of the first day of his London
existence, because he waited until the crowd had gone. A man, says Max
Schlesinger, who would do that, ought to rise and go to bed with the owl. The
owl is the symbol of wisdom; for once I would prevail upon the reader to do as
the owls do, and become wise as they. You may live at Clapham all your life,
come into [-2-] the city every day, attend on a
gospel ministry, as the slang phrase is, - for it is not only wicked people that
talk slang, - and know no more of London than the British public do of Timbuctoo.
Think of what London is. At the last census there were
2,362,236 persons of both sexes in it; 1,106,558 males, of whom 146,449 were
under 5 years of age; and 1,255,678 females, of whom 147,173 were under 5 years
of age. The unmarried males were 679,380, ditto females 735,871; the married men
were 399,098, the wives 409,731; the widowers were 37,080, the widows 110,076.
On the night of the census there were 28,598 husbands whose wives were not with
them, and 39,231 wives mourning their absent lords. In 1856 the number of
children born in London was 86,833, only one in 25 of which is illegitimate ; in
the same period 56,786 persons died. The Registrar-General assumes that, with
the additional births, and by the fact of soldiers and sailors returning from
the seat of war, and of persons engaged in peaceful pursuits settling in the
capital, sustenance, clothing, and house accommodation must now be found in
London for about 60,000 in-[-3-]habitants more than
it contained at the end of 1855. Think of that-the population of a large city
absorbed in London, and no perceptible inconvenience occasioned by it! Houses
are still to let; there are still the usual tickets hung up in windows in quiet
neighbourhoods, intimating that apartments furnished for the use of single
gentlemen can be had within; the country still supplies the town with meat and
bread, and we hear of no starvation in consequence of deficient supply. London
is the healthiest city in the world. The city death-rate, according to Dr.
Letheby's report for 1857, is 22.5 per 1000, and in all England it is 22.2.
During the last ten years the annual deaths have been on the average 25 to 1000
of the population, in 1856 the proportion was 22 to 1000; yet, in spite of this,
half of the deaths that happen on an average in London between the ages of 20
and 40 are from consumption and diseases of the respiratory organs. The
Registrar traces this to the state of the streets. He says: "There can be
no doubt that the dirty dust suspended in the air that the people of London
breathe often excites diseases of the respiratory organs. The dirt of the
streets is produced and ground now by in-[-4-]numerable
horses, omnibuses, and carriages, and then beat up in fine dust, which fills the
mouth, and inevitably enters the air-passages in large quantities. The dust is
not removed every day, but, saturated with water in the great thoroughfares,
sometimes ferments in damp weather, and at other times ascends again under the
heat of the summer sun as atmospheric dust."
London, says Henry Mayhew, may be safely asserted to be the
most densely populated city in all the world; containing one-fourth more people
than Pekin, and two-thirds more than Paris- more than twice as many as
Constantinople - four times as many as St. Petersburg-five times as many as
Vienna, or New York, or Madrid - nearly seven times as many as Berlin - eight
times as many as Amsterdam - nine times as many as Rome - fifteen times as many
as Copenhagen - and seventeen times as many as Stockholm. "London,"
says Horace Say, "c'est une province couverte de maisons." It covers
an area of 122 square miles in extent, or 78,029 statute acres; and contains
327,391 houses. Annually 4000 new houses are in erection for upwards of 40,000
new-comers. The continuous line of buildings stretching from Highgate to [-5-]
Camberwell is said to be 12 miles long. It is computed if the buildings
were set in a row they would reach across the whole of England and France, from
York to the Pyrenees.
When the stone in Panyer's Alley was placed on its site three
centuries since, the circumference was about five miles. At present, however, to
make a pedestrian expedition around the metropolis would, to most persons, be an
undertaking of some importance, as may be seen by referring to the following
particulars, which have been gathered from a recently published map:- From
Chiswick to Kentish-town, 12 miles; from Kentish-town to Millwall, 17½ miles;
from Millwall to Chiswick, 28 miles - total, 57½ miles, very nearly three days'
journey, at the rate of 20 miles a day; and it will be observed that in the line
drawn, Battersea, Clapharn, Canning- town, and many other places, which even at
present can be scarcely said to be separated from London, have been left out.
"As the crow would fly" across streets and houses from the point
whence we started at Chiswick to the farthest east, the distance is nearly
eleven miles, and the greatest width from north to south upwards of seven miles.
The metropolis is divided [-6-] into 38 different
poor-law districts, some of them parishes, and some of them unions, but each
managing separately their own poor. Of these, 27 are in Middlesex, two in Kent,
and nine in Surrey. Of the 27 in Middlesex, 10 are unions of various extent; 17
are single parishes, many of them of great extent, and comprising a large amount
of property and population. The unions in Middlesex consist of a small number of
parishes, two consisting of two parishes, two of three, one of five, one of
four, one of six, one of seven, and one of nine parishes. The city of London
consists of 98 parishes, some of them small in extent, but containing a large
amount of property and population. The unions in Kent consist of four and seven
parishes. Of the nine in Surrey three are unions, consisting, one of two
parishes, another of three, and the third of six parishes. The remaining six are
all single parishes, each administering its own affairs. The total population of
these districts is 2,500,000; the average number of paupers to be dealt with
105,000; the amount of expenditure for the year ending Lady-day, 1856, was £875,000;
and the net rateable value of the property contributing [-7-]
to the relief of the poor was £10,900,000. The proportion which the metropolis
bore to the whole of England and Wales was, as to population, one-eighth; as to
pauperism, one-twelfth.
London has 10,500 distinct streets, squares, circuses,
crescents, terraces, villas, rows, buildings, places, lanes, courts, alleys,
mews, yards, rents. The paved streets of London, according to a return published
in 1856, number over 5000, and exceed 2000 miles in length; the cost of this
paved roading was 14 millions, and the repairs cost £1,800,000 per annum. The
Post Office employs 3200 officials in London alone. London contains 1900 miles
of gas pipes, with a capital of nearly £4,000,000 spent in the preparation of
gas. The cost of gas- lighting is half a million. It has 360,000 lights; and
13,000,000 cubic feet of gas are burnt every night. Last year along these
streets the enormous quantity of upwards of 80 millions of gallons of water
rushed for the supply of the inhabitants, being nearly double what it was in
1845. Mr Mayhew says, if the entire people of the capital were to be drawn up in
marching order, two and two, the length of the great army of Londoners would be
no less [-8-] than 670 miles, and supposing them to
move at the rate of three miles an hour, it would require more than nine days
and nights for the average population to pass by. To accommodate this crowd,
125,000 vehicles pass through the thoroughfares in the course of 12 hours; 3000
cabs, 10,000 private and job carriages and carts, ply daily in the streets; at
the present time there are upwards of 800 omnibuses running along various routes
in the metropolis, and of this number 595 are the property of a single and
mostly foreign proprietary, the London General Omnibus Company. 600 omnibuses,
with horses and harness and goodwill, were purchased by the company for a sum of
£400,000, or for very nearly £700 for each vehicle. The 595 omnibuses of the
company ran in London, in the week ending 31st of October, 1857, not less than
222,779 miles, or nearly ten times the circumference of the globe, and they
carried not less than 920,000 passengers. Assuming that the remaining one-fourth
of the London omnibuses, not belonging to the company, carried an equal
proportion, we shall have, as the travelling portion of the population of
London, 1,115,000 persons. 3000 conveyances enter the
[-9-] metropolis daily from the surrounding country. In the year 1856 the
total revenue derived from the duty on omnibuses within the area of the great
metropolis amounted to £74,270 against £85,965 in 1855, and £108,051 in 1854.
The revenue from cabs in the metropolis was £82,110 against £75,281, and £64,210
in 1854. Of the revenue on omnibuses last year, £69,493 accrued from mileage
duty, £3791 from license duty, and £983 from drivers' and conductors'
licenses. As regards the cab duty, £74,736 accrued from weekly duty, £5292
from license duty, and £2081 from drivers' and watermen's licenses.
Speaking generally, Tennyson tells us-
"Every minute
dies a man,
Every minute one
is born."
In London, 169 people die daily, and a babe is born every
five minutes. The number of persons, says the Registrar-General, who died in
1856, in 116 public institutions, such as workhouses and hospitals, was 10,381.
It is really shocking to think, and a deep stigma on the people, - or on the
artificial arrangements of society, by which so much poverty is perpetuated, -
that nearly one person out of five, who died [-10-] that
year, closed his days under a roof provided by law or public charity. In 1856
the police report 147 suicides. Dr. Wakley says, 4000 infants die annually of
neglect. It is calculated 500 people are drowned in the Thames every year. In
the first week of last year there were five deaths from intemperance alone. How
much wretchedness lies in these facts,-for the deaths from actual intemperance
bear but a small proportion to the deaths induced by the immoderate use of
intoxicating liquors; and of the 500 drowned, by far the larger class, we have
every reason to believe, are of the number of whom Hood wrote-
"Mad with
life's history,
Glad to
death's mystery
Swift to be
hurled-
Anywhere, anywhere,
Out of the
world!"
A meeting was held last year of the unemployed, chiefly the
carpenters, bricklayers, and bricklayers' labourers of the metropolis, in which
it was stated that their number - though very probably there may be some
exaggeration here - is 35,000. If these men are married and have families, we
get a further idea of the deep [-11-] distress in
this wealthy and luxurious capital,- this capital where the gold of Australia,
the jewels of Golconda, the silks and spices of the East, come for sale, and are
lavished as freely on the most questionable purposes and persons as on the
noblest specimens of humanity and the most glorious objects for which men care
to live. Then think of the inmates of the lunatic asylums, and the poor-houses,
and the hospitals, in most cases sent there as the result of their own ignorance
or imprudence. Last Christmas day the dinners provided at the workhouses for the
inmates fed between 30 and 40,000. Add to these our prison population, and our
criminal classes, and our prostitutes,-and what a picture we get of the Night
Side of London, of the classes whose existence is a reproach or a curse. In
London one man in every ninety belongs to the criminal class.
According to the last reports,
there were in London 143,000 vagrants admitted in one year into the casual wards
of the workhouses. In 1856 it appears that in all 73,240 persons were taken into
custody, of whom 45,941 were males, and 27,209 females; 18,000 of the
apprehensions were on account of drunkenness, 8160 for unlaw-[-12-]ful
possession of goods, 7021 for simple larceny, 6763 for common assaults, 2914 for
assaults on the police; 4303 women were taken into custody as prostitutes. The
period of life most prolific of crime is that between the 20th and 25th years.
The convictions upon trial in 1856 were in the following proportions :- Under 10
years of age, 1 ; 10 years and under 15 years, 91. ; 15 years and under 20
years, 610; 20 years and under 25 years, 770; 25 years and under 30 years, 390;
30 years and under 40 years, 410; 40 years and under 50 years, 188; 50 years and
under 60 years, 90; 63 years and upwards, 37. The committals for murder in the
year 1856 were 11; they were 12 in 1855, 10 in 1854, 7 in 1853, 11 in 1852, 8 in
1851, 11 in 1850, 19 in 1849, 11 in 1848, and 10 in 1847. Of the larcenies in
dwelling-houses last year, only 315 were committed by means of false keys, as
many as 2175 through doors being left open, 679 by lifting up a window, or
breaking glass, and 31 by entering attic windows from empty houses. Again, 1595
such larcenies were committed by lodgers, 1701 by servants, and as many as 673
by means of false messages. The cases enumerated under the last three heads are
such as the police could hardly be expected to [-13-] prevent.
2371 persons were reported last year to the police as lost, and of these the
police restored 1084. The City returns, for which I am indebted to the kindness
of G. Borlase Childs, Esq., surgeon to the force, are for 1856, as follows:
number of persons taken into custody ; males 3030, females 1014; of these, 1083
males and 450 females were discharged; 1628 males, 517 females were summarily
convicted or held to bail; 319 males and 77 females were committed for trial: 8
males and 1 female under 10 years of age; 322 males and 37 females under 15; 755
males and 152 females under 20; 645 males and 235 females under 25; 341 males
and 165 females under 30; 497 males and 220 females under 40; 300 males and 116
females under 50; 125 males and 78 females under 60; and above that age 41 males
and 20 females. Tried by the education test of the whole number taken into
custody, 782 males and 421 females could neither read nor write; 1925 males and
570 females could read and write imperfectly; 317 males and 23 females could
read and write well; 6 males come under the head of superior instruction. The
value of property stolen was £11,425; of property recovered £3829; the return
of destitute persons taken in [-14-] charge by the
police is, men 141, women 115, children 79. During the same period 1603 males
and 1097 females were brought to the station house. Children missing and found
by the police ; males 496, females 319. The return of the metropolitan police
for 1857, was 2825 brothels, and 8600 prostitutes. In the City, the number of
such houses and persons is very small; the prison population at any particular
time is 6000, costing for the year £170,000. Our juvenile thieves cost us £300
a-piece. The average income of the London thief is estimated at £2 per week.
Again, let us look at the classes whose labours and
occupations and modes of life are inconsistent with health, or not favourable to
any great development of moral principle. Almost 20,000 persons are engaged in
Sunday trading; the number of ragged children is nearly 30,000, the number of
families living in one room is estimated as high as 150,000. It appears from a
report by Mr. Goderich, officer of health in the parish of Kensington, that in a
place called the Potteries there are 1147 human beings and 1041 pigs congregated
within a space of less than nine acres, the present number of pigs be-[-15-]ing
below the usual average. The dwellings of a large proportion of the inhabitants
of this locality are mere hovels with shattered roofs and unglazed windows, the
floor is below the level of the external soil, which has been raised by
excessive accumulations of filth of all kinds, and the walls are at all times
partially damp and giving out pestilential gases, intolerable to those who have
not been born among them, fatal to the health of those who have. Another portion
of the miserable population has converted old caravan bodies, removed in some
cases from their wheels, into houses; others have no other dwelling than ruinous
post-chaise bodies, for which a rent of sixpence per week is paid. In one of the
caravans eight persons dwell, among whom a child suffering from small-pox was
battling with death at the time of Mr. Goderich's visit in March.
Mr. Timbs calculates the number of professional beggars in
London at 15,000, two-thirds of whom are Irish. 30,000 men, women, and children
are employed in the costermonger trade; besides, we have, according to Mr.
Mayhew, 2000 street sellers of green stuff, 4000 street sellers of eatables and
drinkables, 1000 street sellers of stationery, 4000 street sellers of other [-16-]
articles, whose receipts are three millions sterling, and whose incomes
may be put down at one. Let us extend our survey, and we shall not wonder that
the public-houses - and the gin palaces - and the casinos - and the theatres -
and the penny gaffs - and the lowest and vilest places of resort in London, are
full. In Spitalfields there are 70,000 weavers with but 10s. per week; there are
22,479 tailors, 30,805 shoemakers, 43,928 milliners; seamstresses, 21,210;
bonnet- makers, 1769; cap-makers, 1277. What hard, wretched work is theirs!
In the first week of January this present year, a poor woman
named Martha Duke was brought up at the Thames police office, charged with
attempting to commit suicide. She was a poor needle-woman, and found the misery
of that mode of life greater than could be borne. Speaking not of this case in
particular, but of needle- women in general, Mr. Burch, the resident medical
officer of the London Hospital, stated that "a large number of patients had
been under his care, and he had carefully investigated a considerable number of
cases, and was satisfied that needle-women were the most ill-paid class of
people and the most hard-working on earth. They [-17-] were
miserably paid," he added, "and he knew that numbers of them, with
constitutions broken down, earned from 3s. to 4s. per week only, and for that
scanty pittance were compelled to work from three o'clock in the morning till
ten at night. They soon became enfeebled by insufficient diet and over-work, and
when broken down either had recourse to suicide or prostitution. In 1844 the
operative tailors instituted an inquiry into the sweating system, and then it
was found that there were at the West End 676 men, women, and children working
under sweaters, and occupying 92 small rooms, the majority of which measured
eight feet by ten. The sweater, it may be as well to state, is the man who
contracts with the large houses to supply them with shirts, or clothes, or any
other kind of slop work; the more his victims sweat, the more are his gains. The
sweater is often a Jew, never a Christian.
Let the reader walk with us to a fashionable clothing
establishment-a mart, we believe, as it is called. The building, as you approach
it, seems a palace. It is redolent with polished mahogany and plate-glass and
gilt. You pass it when the lamps are lit, and you think of the [-18-]
Arabian Nights. It is illuminated as if peace had just been proclaimed, or some
great national desire had been realised. You enter with cash, and all is fair
and smooth within. Whatever you want in the way of apparel is there, and at a
price for which no honest tradesman can afford to sell it. Honest! asks the
reader, is not the man honest? Does he steal the cloth? Certainly not. Does he
not pay rent, and taxes, and wages? Most certainly he does. Do not his creditors
all get twenty shillings in the pound? Most undoubtedly they do ; the law
protects them, and with them the man, willing or not, must keep himself right.
So far as they are concerned, honesty is the best policy. How, then, does he
make his profit? How is this monster establishment maintained? Out of what fund
is it that its glitter and glare are paid for? We shall now see. Come down this
stinking court. Go up those creaking stairs. Enter that miserable garret. Look
at those men, who know nothing of labour but its curse, and of life but its
misery. Mark the haggard faces already stamped with the impress of death. If you
can bear the polluted atmosphere, you will hear from these men how they toil
from early [-19-] morning far into the night for
two shillings a day; how for them the fine air and the golden sunshine, and the
rest of the sabbath, exist not; and it is by them, by their sweat and blood and
sinew, that the profit is made. And now go back and look into the gilded shop,
and it will seem to you a Golgotha-a place of skulls. Is another illustration
needed? Up in yon miserable chamber, without fire - without food - without
furniture - almost without clothes, Martha Duke is stitching to earn the few
pence by which she prolongs life, and its misery. Once, youth was hers, with its
bright hopes and joys; but they are gone, and with an aching heart and pallid
brow she plies her daily task. Is it wonderful that, wanting coals or something
better than dry bread, the shirt or the waistcoat should be pawned? Is it not
more wonderful that such bleak and hopeless poverty should be so honest as it
is? And yet from such poor forlorn, forgotten women as these, proceed the
profits which pay for dazzling window and gorgeous pile. Is it strange that the
city missionaries for last year show an increase of fallen women in their
districts of 1035?
Bear in mind also that corporal labourers are [-20-]
shorter lived and endure more physical evil than the mental labourers.
The coal-whippers' work - the most wasteful, unscientific, and pernicious
expenditure of human muscle ever devised, writes Dr Chambers - overstrains the
fibres of the heart, and the organs become diseased. Painters again are liable
to palsy and colic, from the use of white lead. The tailor sits till the stomach
and bowels becomes disordered, the spine twisted, the gait shambling, and the
power of taking the exercise necessary to health obliterated. Shoemakers and
bootmakers suffer equally from a constrained position and the pressure of the
last against the stomach. Heart-burn and indigestion are so common among them,
that a pill in the Pharmacopeia is called the cobbler's pill. Then there is the
baker's malady, which carries off a large proportion of its victims. Dressmakers
are peculiarly subject to the attacks of consumption; workwomen constantly
suffer from varicose veins.
There are two worlds in London, with a gulf between - the
rich and the poor. We have glanced at the latter; for the sake of contrast let
us look at the former. Emerson says the wealth of London determines prices all
over the globe. [-21-] The revenue of the
corporation of the city of London for 1856 was £2,595,216 16s. 4½d. In 1853
the money coined in the mint was £11,952,391 in gold, and £701,544 in silver.
The business of the Bank of England is conducted by about 800 clerks, whose
salaries amount to about £200,000. The Bank in 1857 had £26,683,790 bank notes
in circulation. In the same year there were about 5 millions deposited in the
Savings Banks of the metropolis. The gross Customs revenue of the port of London
in 1849 was £11,070,176. 65 millions is the estimate formed by Mr M'Culloch of
the total value of the produce conveyed into and from London. The gross rental
as assessed by the property and income tax is 12½ millions. The gross property
insured is £166,000,000, and only two-fifths of the houses are insured. The
amount of capital at the command of the entire London bankers may be estimated
at 64 millions; the insurance companies have always 10 millions of deposits
ready for investment.
78 millions are employed in discounts. In 1841 the
transactions of one London house amounted to 30 millions. In 1840 the payments
made in the clearing house were £974,580,600, - an enor-[-22-]mous
sum, which will appear still greater when we remember all sums under £100 are
omitted from this statement. All this business cannot be carried onwithout a
considerable amount of eating and drinking. The population consumes annually
277,000 bullocks, 30,000 calves, 1,480,000 sheep, 34,000 pigs, 1,600,000
quarters of wheat, 310,464,000 pounds of potatoes, 89,672,000 cabbages. Of fish
the returns are almost incredible. Besides, it eats 2,742,000 fowls, 1,281,000
game. Exclusive of those brought from the different parts of the united kingdom,
from 70 to 75 millions of eggs are annually imported into London from France and
other countries. About 13,000 cows are kept in the city and its environs for the
supply of milk and cream; and if we add to their value that of the cheese, and
butter, and milk, brought from the country into the city, the expenditure on
dairy produce must be enormous. Then London consumes 65,000 pipes of wine,
2,000,000 gallons of spirits, 43,200,000 gallons of porter and ale, and burns
3,000,000 tons of coal; and I have seen it estimated that one-fourth of the
commerce of the nation is carried on in its port. On Boxing Night it was
estimated that 60,000 persons visited the [-23-] various
theatres and places of amusement in London. In 1856, 361,714 persons visited the
British Museum; 161,764, Hampton Court; 344,140 went to Kew Gardens. The total
number of bathers in the Serpentine were 20,000 persons. On the last Derby, the
South Western Company alone conveyed 37,700 passengers. In London in 1853,
according to Sir R. Mayne, there were 3613 beer shops, 5279 public houses, 13
wine rooms. The theatres and saloons licensed by the Lord Chamberlain are, the
Haymarket Theatre, Adelphi, Olympic, Princess's, Strand, Surrey, Queen's, Soho,
City of London, Marylebone, Standard, Pavilion, Victoria, Sadler's Wells, St
James's, Lyceum, Astley's, Her Majesty's, Drury Lane, Grecian Saloon, Albert,
Britannia, Bower, Earl of Effingham. Literary Institutions shut up. The Great
Globe itself is a doubtful property. That beautiful building, the Panopticon in
Leicester-square, was a failure, and the Adelaide Gallery has long been closed.
An attempt was made to form an educational association in Charing Cross, where,
by means of a library and cheap lectures, the popular mind could be improved and
instructed and amused, but the attempt did not succeed; dancing, drink-[-24-]ing,
theatrical representations, - most of them adaptations from the French, - music,
are the only pleasures which a London population cared for. Even as in the old
Hebrew days, Wisdom lifts up her voice in our streets, and no man regards her
testimony.
And now to guard all this wealth, to preserve all this mass
of industry honest, and to keep down all this crime, what have we? 5847 police,
costing £434,081, 13 police courts, costing £67,006, and about a dozen
criminal prisons; 69 union relieving officers, 316 officers of local boards, and
1256 other local officers. We have 35 weekly magazines, 9 daily newspapers, 5
evening, 72 weekly ones. Independently of the mechanics' institutions, colleges,
and endowed schools, we have 14,000 children of both sexes clothed and educated
gratis, and the National and British and Foreign Schools in all parts of London,
and Sunday schools. We have Bartholomew's Hospital, relieving, in 1856,
in-patients 5933, out-patients 78,448; Guy's Hospital; St Thomas's, with 4581
in-patients, outpatients, 34,281 ; St George's; the Middlesex, last year
relieving 2268 in-patients, and 16,844 out-patients; the London, the King's
College, [-25-] the University College, and many
more. In the Cancer Hospital last year 2500 patients were treated: then there
are Bedlam, the Foundling Hospital, the Philanthropic Institution, the Magdalen.
In the report of the Statistical Society of London it is stated that 14 general
hospitals in London possess an income from realised property to the amount of £109,687;
annual subscriptions, £17,091; donations, £16,636; legacies, £10,206; and
their miscellaneous sources of income to £1996. The total income of all these
hospitals from every source is £155,616; and the annual contributions of the
public amount to £45,929. In addition to the above hospitals there are in this
metropolis 86 special hospitals, possessing an aggregate income of £117,218;
making the income of the general and special hospitals taken together amount to
£272,834. There arc also returns from 42 general dispensaries, possessing
incomes from all sources of £21,000; and 18 special dispensaries, with annual
incomes of £8064. If these two sums, making £29,064, be added to the former,
it gives the enormous amount of £301,898 annually expended in medical charities
in this metropolis; and this sum, [-26-] large as
it is, excludes Samaritan and other funds connected with hospitals and
dispensaries, poor-law medical relief (£28,776), cost of maintenance of pauper
lunatics (£79,988), vaccination (£4292), and nurses' training institutions.
All these sums would make a grand total of nearly half a million expended on our
sick poor. The City Missionaries now number 325, and every missionary visits
once a month about 500 families or 2800 persons. The Ragged School Union has its
ramifications in every part of the metropolis. Their returns are 128 Sunday
Schools with 16,937 scholars in attendance; 98 day ditto, with 13,057; 117
evening schools with 8085; and 84 industrial classes with 8224. London has 12
societies for the reformation of life and public morals with a total income of
£11,583; 18 for reclaiming the fallen, and staying the progress of crime, with
£85,086; 14 for the relief of general destitution and distress, with £23,880;
12 for the relief of specified distress, with £29,881; 14 for aiding the
resources of the industrious, with £7246; 11 for the blind, deaf, and dumb,
with £34,762; 103 colleges, hospitals, and other asylums for the aged
(exclusive of Chelsea and Greenwich Hospitals, [-27-]
£83,047); 16 charitable pension societies, with £18,989; 74 charitable and
provident societies, chiefly for specified. classes, with £103,227; 31 asylums
for orphans and other necessitous children, with £81,015; 10 educational
foundations, exclusive of libraries, modern colleges, or proprietary schools, £93,112;
4 charitable ditto, with £13,300; 40 school societies, religious book,
church-aiding, and Christian instructing, irrespective of government grants or
establishments, with an income, taking the sale of publications, as much as £318,189.
Mr Low gives the total number of charitable institutions as 500; Mr Mayhew puts
down their number as 530. Then there are 100 temperance meetings held weekly.
May we not hope that all these institutions have some effect, that by means of
them some are reclaimed, and many saved?
The more direct religious agency may be estimated as follows.
In the Handbook to Places of Worship, published by Low, in 1851, there is a list
of 371 churches and chapels in connexion with the Establishment; the number of
church sittings, according to Mr Mann, is 409,184; the Independents have about
140 places of worship and 100,4.36 sittings; the Baptists, 130 [-28-]
chapels, and accommodation for 54,234; the Methodists, 154 chapels,
60,696; the Presbyterians, 23 chapels and 18,211 sittings; the Unitarians, 9
chapels and about 3300 sittings; the Roman Catholics, 35 chapels and 35,994
sittings; 4 Quaker chapels, with sittings for 3151 ; the Moravians have two
chapels, with 1100 sittings; the Jews have 11 synagogues and 3692 sittings.
There are 94 chapels belonging to the New Church, the Plymouth Brethren, the Irvingites,
the Latter-Day Saints, Sandemanians, Lutherans, French Protestants, Greeks,
Germans, Italians, which chapels have sittings for 18,833. We thus get 691,723
attendants on divine exercises.
Those who know London life will know that I have not glanced
at its darkest side: any man of the world will tell you infamies which I may not
name here. I do not go so far as Mr Patmore, and affirm that in the higher ranks
of life a young man is obliged to keep a mistress to avoid being laughed at; but
I can conceive of no city more sunk in licentiousness and rascality than ours.
Paris, Hamburgh, Vienna, may be as bad, but they cannot be worse. The poor are
looked after by the police-visited by [-29-] the
city missionary; their wants and woes are worked up into newspaper articles, and
they live as it were in houses of glass. It is true that one half the world does
not know how the other half lives; but it is not true in the sense in which it
is generally affirmed. Who ever has an idea that a pious baronet, taking the
chair at a religious meeting in Exeter Hall, will prove a felon; that that
house, eminent in the mercantile and philanthropi6 world, will sanction the
circulation of forged Dock warrants; that that manager, about to engage in
prayer at a meeting of directors, will turn out to be the manager of the
greatest swindle of modern times? Who sees a dishonoured suicide in the
patriotic Sadleir, or in the philanthropic Redpath a convict for life, or in the
dashing Robson a maniac? If I tell you that respectable old gentleman now coming
out of his club is going to inspect a fresh victim, whom some procuress has
lured with devilish art, you will tell me that I am uncharitable; or if I point
you to that well-appointed equipage in the Park, and tell you that that fair
young girl that sits within has crushed many a young wife's heart, and has sent
many a man to the devil before his time, you will tell me I ex-[-30-]aggerate:
I do nothing of the kind. If I were to tell what most men know-what every one
knows, except those whose business it is to know it, and to seek to reform it -
I should be charged with indelicacy, as if truth could be indelicate, and my
book perhaps suppressed by the Society for the Suppression of Vice - if that
abortion exists still. We are choked up with cant; almost everything we believe
in is a lie. The prayer of Ajax should be ours, - Light - more light.
What are we to do? - to stand stock still, looking to heaven
"with a frenzied air, as if to ask if a God were there?" One can
almost believe, with George Gilfillan, that the earth needs a new gospel and a
new manifestation of divine power. From this low estate who is to rescue us? Not
the aristocracy, a barbarous institution, perpetrating barbarous ideas in our
midst, - that work is not honourable; whereas all true civilization points us to
the fact, that man is only happy and virtuous as he is steadily industrious; and
thus our most uncivilized classes are our upper and lower,- our lords and ladies
on one side, and our rogues and prostitutes on the other. Not our law-makers,
who imprison our young lads in costly jails, [-31-] where
the criminals have luxuries denied to the poor; and then in Newgate, or at the
public works, mix them all up together, that the comparatively innocent may
learn to be adepts in crime. Not our religious, I fear, when, from the
Archbishop of Canterbury down to Dr Cumming, the cry is, If you have a proper
translation of the Bible you will destroy the faith of the people. Not our
trading classes, becoming richer and more sunk in flunkeyism every day. But it
may be that these-
"Are graves from which a glorious
phantom may
Burst to illumine our
tempestuous day."
Whom am I to blame? Not the victims, but the fathers, and
mothers, and divines, and schoolmasters, and governing classes. Father, you have
given your bold, manly son an emasculated religion,-a religion that wilfully
shuts its eyes, and will not look upon life as it is; and, immediately he goes
into the world, away vanish all the pasteboard defences with which you
childishly sought to guard him; and yet you will not confess that in inculcating
religious creeds, - -that in teaching children catechisms, - that in vaguely
telling them to be good, - that in leading them to believe in forms rather than
truths, [-32-] you are only damming up for a while
the passionate impulses of young blood, that they may ultimately exert a more
tumultuous and irresistible sway. You take the little Arab of the streets, and,
for acts of levity and wantonness which , all boys commit, you send him to
prison, at an age when you confess he is not a responsible creature, and then
idiotically wonder that he turns out a criminal, and that he wars with society
till he is hanged. You are surprised that woman, fond of praise, of dress, and
pleasure, should prefer to walk the street in silk and satin, to have a short
life and a merry one, rather than slave and drudge, and end her days after all
in a workhouse. You tone down your fashionably educated daughters into
automatons, and then wonder that hot youth finds domestic life tame and dull.
Above all, do not go away with the idea that we have reached the utmost height
of civilization, - that we are a model people, - that it is our mission to set
up as teachers of religion to all mankind. Let us remember that the increase of
crime and dissipation are facts; that there can be no corrupter city than
London, and that it must be so, so long as we make professions our practice so
scandalously [-33-] denies. I have heard Her
Majesty's proclamation against vice and immorality read at quarter-sessions by
men in whose reading it became a farce which the most ignorant bumpkin in court
could relish. Now we are going to do wonders, the policeman is to supplement the
parson, the wicked are to be hunted down. Is this the way seriously to set about
moral reform? Routine and officialism in church and state have made the outside
of the sepulchre white enough; do we not need a little cleansing within? How
long will men look for grapes from thorns?